Wollongong Extravaganza

This week, the Sydney-based team were invited down to Wollongong for an outdoor simulation extravaganza. Hosted by Wayne Cannon and the Wollongong team, the Sydney crew were treated to a feast of outdoor learning.

The take home? Environment, Personnel, Equipment

Killalea State Park

Environment

Be prepared for a challenging + changing environment – the sea state and tide predictions take on a new meaning when your patient is at the water’s edge!

Equipment 2

Use the environment to your advantage – don’t let the environment rule you! You maybe able to rapidly move a patient to a more suitable position to complete a primary survery and get to work. Think about sun strike for intubation, 360 degree access, head elevation if possible.

EnvironmentEnvironment 2

 

Be ware potential for injury to rescuers

–  never turn your back to the sea! If not directly involved in a rescue, keep a look out

–  blue metal rock is especially treacherous underfoot when wet

– down wash from the helo when next to a ledge will knock you over

– eye and ear protection

– what can you do if you are being winched onto an unsafe area – various methods of communications

 

Personnel

Do you know what other services you have going who may be able to help?

What skills or equipment can they bring?

Mobilise them early!

Personnel

Use all available resources.

Consider the safety of bystanders (sea state, slippery underfoot, downwash from helo)

 

Equipment

Know your kit! Do you remember the contents of all your packs including the tomb stone?

Know your equipment

Patient packaging

– attention to detail

– easy access to drug/IVF port

– ongoing sedation/paralysis prior to winch

PackagingPackaging 2

– avoid covering a severely injured extremity until the last moment so as to allow constant, repeated visual inspection (bleeding despite application of tourniquet)

– security of monitoring equipment (lanyard for BVM, capnometer, sats probe, ZOLL tied down if in use, O2 cylinder)

– review of SPECTER checks in a foreign environment

 

Posted in General PH&RM | Leave a comment

Burns Management Pearls from the Experts

At our recent Clinical Governance Day (4/5/16) we were honored to have in attendance three experts who have dedicated their careers to the care of the burned patient. A cornucopia of pearls for prehospital and retrieval management were presented. The distillation of the session is included below. Many thanks to Prof. Peter Maitz, Dr. Mark Kol, and Dr. Kar-Soon Lim from Concord Hospital for their enlightening presentations.

 

PMC3038395_IJPS-43-43-g001.png

openi.nlm.nih.gov

 

EVALUATION

Do not be distracted by the dramatic nature of the burns. Focus on the standard ABCDE approach to trauma (with burns starting at the E stage).

Use the Rule of 9’s or a reference card for estimating burns. This is an estimate, and does not need to be perfect. A ballpark percentage is all that is expected.

 

AIRWAY

Traditional risk factors for predicting a need for intubation in burns patients have awful sensitivity and specificity. Patients that were entrapped when burned do have higher risk of airway compromise and deep lung injury.

Expert clinical judgment should guide the need and timing of intubation; however, weigh up the risk of minor morbidity in intubating those that might not need it, compared to the risk of catastrophic airway failure in the few we wait too long to intubate.

Sux is safe to use in the acute setting despite dogmatic concerns of hyperkalemia. I agree with my colleague below about this relevant article from 1967.

 

ScreenClip.png

Oxylog 3000+ Cheat Sheet

 

VENTILATION

As severe burns patients are at high risk for developing ARDS and SIRS, a lung protective strategy is recommended (low tidal volumes – 6ml/kg  IBW – with low pressures).

Inappropriate or adverse ventilation (high pressures or volumes) leads to increased risk of ARDS, multi organ dysfunction (MODS), and death.

 

FLUIDS

Although there is minimal external loss of fluid, these patients will leak massive volumes into the interstitial spaces and develop hypovolemic shock.

Use the Parkland formula to guide fluid resuscitation.

parkland.pngIdeally ongoing fluids should be guided by urine output via an indwelling catheter.

Beware fluid creep (volume above Parkland or adequate urine output). This has no immediate deleterious effect, but can cause severe late complications – compartment syndrome, kidney injury, etc.

 

COOLING

Cooling of burns should be performed if the patient is seen within three hours of injury. This decreases the size and depth of the burn.

Running tap water for at least 20 minutes is the best method of cooling.

Only use gel products if no running water is available or if the patient’s condition isn’t compatible with the cooling process.

Cooling may have already been completed by bystanders with advice from 000, or by the first arriving crews.

 

DRESSINGS

Use clean dry sheets or plastic wrap for dressing. If wet dressings are in place at time of evaluation, they should be removed.

Do not delay transport for clever / thorough dressing of the burns.

 

FASCINOMATA

Severe burns patients have massive release of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. Burns >25% TBSA yield a body-wide inflammatory response (SIRS).

In circumferential burns, compartment syndrome is uncommonly seen before the 8 hour mark. Be prepared for escharotomy in these patients.

escharotomy.jpg

Electrical burns heat tissues with the highest resistance (V=IR). Bones heat up fast and actually cook the surrounding muscles. The subsequent swelling and edema can cause a deep concealed compartment syndrome.

Thoracic ultrasound can be used to look for atelectatic segments and excess lung water.

 

RESOURCES

Sydney HEMS Major Burns Helicopter Operating Procedure

New South Wales Health Burn Transfer Guidelines

Emergency Management of Severe Burns (EMSB) course – highly recommended!

 

 

Posted in General PH&RM | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Summary and Lessons from a Recent Paediatric Sim Session

A paediatric simulation was conducted at our Clinical Governance Day on 6 April 2016. The sim itself and the summary below were crafted by Dr. Sarah Gollance.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chemical_warfare

Our simulation scenario was a tasking to a young girl in respiratory distress after a chemical exposure while playing in the garden shed (which dad had left unlocked after cleaning the pool). The child exhibited signs of chlorine exposure with irritation to the eyes, face and airways.

Chlorine is a highly irritating gas and potential sources of exposure are multiple due to the common use of chlorine and its compounds for water disinfection. Acute accidental inhalation can be responsible for symptoms ranging from upper airway irritation to more serious respiratory effects, such as intense coughing, wheezing, dyspnoea and decreased lung function.

In this simulation, on HEMS arrival, the child smelt of chlorine and was distressed with coughing, bronchospasm and hypoxia. She was in the care of a very angry mother, as the father had been responsible for leaving the door unlocked. A decision was made to intubate the child for further management and safe transfer to the tertiary children’s hospital.

Learning outcomes from this SIM :

– Safety: the importance of PPE in this case was reiterated and we discussed the role of decontamination in this case.

– Make your environment work for you: the scenario was held in the “living room” of the patient’s house with the child sitting on the sofa. When in a situation like this, utilise your surroundings and make them work for you. Move the stretcher to an area with more access, better lighting or next to say, the kitchen table – a level at your height for the kit dump.

– Engage parent in child’s care: a child’s anxiety will often be multifactorial. Involve parent in calming and assuring child. Inform parents of the next anticipated steps and keep them involved where you are able – for both the parent and the child.

FullSizeRender_3

– Preparation is key: Optimise your patient, optimise your environment and team, optimise patient physiology prior to induction, anticipate & prepare for adverse outcomes, be ready! Have drug doses checked and ready in labelled 5 or 10 ml syringes to prevent drug errors. Use the Paediatric Drug Dose Guide and don’t hesitate to keep the booklet out and open (in fact we recommend it). In an agitated child, consider DSI with ketamine to improve physiology prior to induction. An open access copy of a paper regarding DSI in children is found on prehospitalmed.com.

– Communication: early allocation of roles and shared mental model allows the team to move forward together with fluidity. Update parents as much as possible, this will be probably be one of the worst days of their lives.

Posted in General PH&RM | Tagged , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Clinical Governance Day, May 4th 2016

Slide1

During next week’s CGD we’ll have a focus on Burns with some excellent outside speakers to share a case of burns from the Snowy Mountains.

gods_of_fire_and_ice

We’ll also get an update on burns management principles and advances in burns therapy from Prof Maitz, the medical director of Concord Burns Unit.

Last week’s literature review was postponed, so if you’re still wondering about the latest evidence for drug treatment in out of hospital cardiac arrest then fret no longer, all will be revealed… (see the attached article)

Bring your competitive streak for the chance to win the quiz and please bring some $ to join in the BBQ in the hangar. We look forward to seeing you there!

All NSW Health staff are welcome to attend, a sign in is required. See here for directions:  https://sydneyhems.com/contact/

 

Posted in General PH&RM | Leave a comment

Clinical Governance Day, 20th April 2016

Slide1

As well as our regular Airway Audit and M&M we will have an update on the research that it being conducted by our own team as well as do a deep dive into the latest evidence around the drug treatment of out of hospital cardiac arrest. Amiodarone, lidocaine or placebo?… http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1514204

In the afternoon we will have a site visit to the Polair Hangar which is a short walk from our own. Given the frequent working relationship we have with the NSW Police this is an opportunity to see how the Police run their Bankstown operation and build those relationships.

Please note that we are unable to offer a BBQ in the hangar as usual, so please bring your own lunch or make arrangements.

All NSW Health staff are welcome to attend, a sign in is required. See here for directions. https://sydneyhems.com/contact/

Posted in General PH&RM | Leave a comment

Diploma in Retrieval and Transfer Medicine

If your career is in retrieval medicine, or you’d like it to be, you might want to strongly consider sitting the Diploma in Retrieval and Transfer Medicine at the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. There is no course, just two days of exams based on a curriculum published on the College Website.

The exam is open to physicians, nurses, and paramedics with retrieval experience, and it is no longer a requirement that the candidate be registered in the UK. Holders of the diploma are entitled to use the postnominals ‘DRTM RCSEd’, which is reason enough to take the plunge.

For further information visit the website or download the flyer.

DRTMflyer

Posted in General PH&RM | Tagged , | Leave a comment

Airway Registry Pointers and Reminders

Once a month, the structured reviews of all of our intubation attempts are presented at a Clinical Governance Day. Common themes and specific finer points are brought forward in an effort to improve our performance as a group. Below are some of the take home points from our last Airway Registry (23/03/16).

  1. It is essential to verify the function of your peripheral access just before induction, particularly if the patient has been moved. A minimum of two points of reliable access is ideal.
    • If a patient has a lot of subcutaneous tissue, consider using an ultrasound guided peripheral line or cutting down to an IO site.
  2. Know the location of:
  3. In outdoor bright light conditions, improve your view of the vocal cords by optimizing your position and shading the sun.
    • Position yourself so the sun is to your back and not directly in your face
    • You can shade yourself and the patient in a variety of ways (use your imagination and the creativity of your team)
      • Strategically positioned vehicle
      • A pop up tent or awning – check with Fire or Police Rescue
      • Inside a nearby shed or building (still with 360 degree access) or under a (gum) tree
      • Blanket, sheet, or space blanket held up or draped over you and the patient (consider how this affects your team communication, bougie/tube passing, etc.)

    • Remember it will take time for your eyes to adjust to the relative darkness; at a minimum, be in your shade at the time of pushing induction medications, if not before.
  4. As usual, when documenting your airway attempt, include as much detail as possible: positioning, timings, adjuncts, pre-oxygenation, shading, changes in between attempts, and specifics about anything out of the ordinary.

A big thanks to Dr. Clare Hayes-Bradley for diligently synthesizing and presenting the Airway Registry every month.

Posted in Airway, General PH&RM | Tagged , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Prehospital Emergency Anaesthesia Checklist

Our RSI checklist is performed in a challenge-response fashion. The clinician who established the equipment set-up reads, while the other clinician checks and responds. Any discussion, such as difficult laryngoscopy plan, briefing the individual who is immobilising the neck, and so on, should be done PRIOR to commencing the checklist. The checklist should not take much more than a minute and is the final step prior to immediately anaesthetising the patient, without any further questions like a redundant ‘is everyone ready?’ or ‘any questions?’.

Note the ‘patient’ was one of our paramedic colleagues acting for the simulation.

The video was kindly shot by Georgina Kiedrowski and her team.

Posted in Airway, General PH&RM | Tagged , , | 1 Comment

Thinking of the children…

For a great review article of RSI in children check out the following article:

  • BJA Educ (2016) 16 (4): 120-123  Place of rapid sequence induction in paediatric anaesthesia. R Newton, H Hack

Predicting difficult airways in children:

evaluation-of-difficult-airway-predictors-in-pediatric-population-as-a-clinical-investigation-2155-6148.1000256

Some key pearls when intubating an infant or small child:

  • The HEMS paediatric bougie is too big for an ETT less than a 5.0
  • If you’re using a straight blade (Miller) then prepare a straight tube (using a stylet) – the natural curve of the ETT is not helpful in this situation.
  • Consider inserting the tip of your laryngoscope blade into the R of the valecula – when used in conjunction with ELM (external laryngeal manipulation) this will often allow a great view of the cords.
  • Tying the ETT (with tape) centrally will reduce ETT movement (from side to side head movement) and the consequent risk of peri-laryngeal tip dislodgement BUT suctioning the oropharynx or re-inspection of tube placement with a laryngoscope is more difficult. The reverse balance of costs/benefits exists if the ETT is taped to the side of the mouth.

Peri-intubation management is of even higher priority in the care of sick children. Being prepared for a difficult airway is good but a haemodynamically unstable child during RSI is more likely:

  • Rigorous CRM/Human Factors practice
  • Optimisation of patient position (T-pod under the torso)
  • Optimisation of your surroundings (people, environment, resources, a tidy kit dump will save you stress in the heat of the moment!)
  • Optimisation of the patient physiology – see the NSW Health Guideline on Paediatric IV Fluid Management

NSW health paed fluid Guidelines Aug 2015

It’s not all about the airway! When treating children we must pay attention to our little patients. This means creating as calm & reassuring an atmosphere as possible with the aide of parents/caregivers as well as paying close attention to the relief of pain. Consider the following take home points and see Natalie’s excellent post for further detail:

  • Pain is more than nociception
  • Be creative, thoughtful and flexible with your drug-based approach
  • Consider all routes of administration
  • Distraction is key!
  • Address the wider factors affecting pain response

http://stemlynsblog.org/paediatric-pain-and-sedation/

Posted in General PH&RM | Leave a comment

Clinical Governance Day, April 6th 2016

Slide1

This week’s CGD will be an cerebral infusion of paediatric excellence. We have a host of bona fide paediatric experts in our midst and now’s your chance to pick up their pearls of wisdom and maybe to share some of your own.

The focus will be on emergency paediatric anaesthesia and pain management with a simulated case at the end to consolidate our learning.

There WILL be a BBQ in the hangar at lunch time. Please bring between $5 and $10 to cover the costs if you want to join in.

Think of the children

All NSW Health staff are welcome to attend, a sign in is required. See here for directions. https://sydneyhems.com/contact/

Posted in General PH&RM | Leave a comment